Cheaters in Science

As citizens we tend to get our knowledge from journalist, politicians and scientist. It is frustrating that now a days it is hard to belief any of these sources as they always play with our trust and credibility.  They often side with the region that would give them more money, status and fame. These people don’t measure the consequences that their actions may cause to us the readers and listeners.

Out of the three sources expose by Dr McNeill (professor from the department of biology at UWO) I would choose Scientist as most trusted source, because they have to do experiments and run statistics to compare theoretical information with experimental information. Plus allegedly their research is for the common good.   

It’s frustrating to know that there are scientists out there that only care about publishing their work to gain glory or get grants. Some scientists seem not to care about the impact their research have on society. Just take the examples that Dr McNeil gave us on his lecture. The trends of these examples are that these scientists had great reputations, good education and great jobs. But just one mistake, such as plagiarism, made up or manipulated data caused them to lose their integrity, credibility and reputation, it is going to be hard for them to find a job again. This confirms a saying that Colombians have: “he who does well everything goes well and he who does bad everything goes bad”.

There are two examples that Dr. McNeil mentions which in my opinion caused lot havoc in people’s lives. One, in England where Sir Cyril Burt a scientist did a study that defined the education system in England. He did a study with 50 pairs of identical twins where he studied heritability of intelligence. His study was later question because his data was nowhere to be found.  Burt’s study affected a lot of people, because based on his study England created an aptitude test called eleven plus, which decides which type of school the child should go. This for me is wrong because if a child’s dream is to be a doctor or go to university this test would be a dream crusher.

                The second one is the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine controversy, where Andrew Wakefield did a study with some his colleagues, where he found a causative connection between the MMR vaccine and autism. His study claim that 75% of the sample size (of 12) showed autisms signs. This situation was disapproved by an investigative reporter, Brian Deer which found that there were financial interests behind Wakefield’s study. The consequences of this situation caused many parents to worry and prevent their children from getting the vaccine, also an almost legal action against the creators of MMR vaccine was to be filed. It also caused someone famous like Jenny McCartney to spread the news that this study was real and her influence made parents consider not to get the MMR vaccine. Wakefield caused the measles cases in the UK to increase. The immunity went from being 92% to 80%. In my opinion, just because Wakefield wanted glory and money, he put endanger many kids lives and almost made us go a step backwards in development plus, made us lose credibility on the journal and scientists involved in the study.

Something new I learned from this lecture is that we as scientist should exempt from making up data, it’s not worth it, because it affects our careers and lives. Another thing is watch out where information comes from. The key is to look at all perspectives.

To stock or not to stock fish?

In the sixth instalment of Political Biology lecture series, Dr. Amanda Morbey from the department of Biology at UWO talked about a serious issue going in Lake Fisheries of Ontario. Fish farming has cause a lot of problems for some of the other species in lakes, stoking fish such as Chinook salmon causes problems because it drives other species away from their natural habitat. This is not only a problem for other fish species, but also for three kinds of people the aboriginal fishers, the recreational fishers and the commercial fishers. Morbey gave us lots of examples of fish species that have been harvest and a case study. Many trial an error attempts have been done to address this issue in my opinion, because in some of the graphs that Dr. Morbey showed us , they tells us that  fishing in big quantities causes problems for the fish species such as the case in Sturgeon fishery 9 of the 25 populations where eliminated because of overharvesting . Another graph that was shown was the stocking of Chinook salmon and how hatcheries were noticing that their production was increasing so they decided to lower their production so this shows that they are controlling the situation.

 Hatching or stocking Chinook is a costly practice but it benefits two kinds of people the recreational fishers and the commercial fishers because the big quantities that are produce causes the recreational fishers  to have the security that they will always catch fish, plus Chinook fish are larger and live closer to the surface of the lake than white fish. Even though 85 percent of what commercial fisheries fish in Lake Huron is wild fish, the Chinook that they catch is good to consume because it has low levels of mercury and is rich in nutrients plus they don’t have the precautions of extinction because they know they can be farmed.  As for Aboriginal fishers they are not too fond of Chinook fish as is not what they are use to.  They like lake white fish and lake trout these two species are over thrown by the Chinook salmon and extinct respectively. It is hard for the aboriginal fishers to get accustomed to a new kind of fish, and more when is not part of their culture. There are two moderators in this problem which foresee the biological and economical aspect of this problem. These people are the fishery manager and the hatchery manager; they are in charge of the ecosystem balance and to reach an agreement between the three parties. Based on the facts that Dr Morbey showed and the brainstorming that my classmates and I did in class, I think Chinook salmon should keep being stock because it helps tourism in the area and it provides a safe form of fish for us to eat. A lot of people have died from mercury poisoning and this is because they consumed high mercury content fish, there are many benefits of eating fish and Chinook fish is providing us with that opportunity. What it should be done is just keep controlling the hatchery of Chinook salmon and perhaps find way to stock the white fish and lake trout that aboriginal fishers like. So that everyone is happy. Competition is a great deal in these fish so may be reducing the amount of Chinook stock and an incrementing white fish or some sort of conditioning between the two species so they don’t fight could be a solution. Also the fishery manager should over see that the ecosystem is balance.

Equality comes with a price

The fifth lecture of the Political Biology lecture series at UWO featured Professor Gillian Baker from the department of philosophy. Her topic was evolution, gender and human possibilities.
Baker began with three interesting quotes. These were about human possibilities, what humans can aspire to do and cannot, in gender and the amount of change humans allow accepting in society in order to evolve. The main message of these quotes where that humans by nature are selfish, stubborn, and malleable to a certain point. And that if we want an equal society of generosity, altruism and gender we need to be able to pay a cost and give up some of our happiness.
Baker explained standard sexual selection of males and females. Things like women tend to marry rich men because for stability to their high-cost offspring while males are promiscuous as their offspring is inexpensive. She talked about how there are lots of books on how education, career and love should be organized based on gender.
Some philosophers encourage that equality is not for us, and that being female or male is a type of genetic determination. Beaker criticized metaphors that philosophers have about how the mind works. Metaphors such as “blank slate” and “hardwired brain” are not effective, In the case of blank slate philosophers wanted to show that our minds are blanked when we are born. The things we know are acquired by learning instead of having any innate qualities. Bakers says that the blank stale is wrongly translated, it supposed to be waxed stale and when you write on the stale what changes is the shape of the wax and not the stale.
She said that we need to think in ecological terms, which is the relationship between organism and the environment. If we don’t think like this we’re prone to erroneous metaphors, such as DNA regarded as blueprint and now it’s more thought of as a recipe. But even then is not enough because DNA phases variable conditions while recipes have set conditions.
She proposed a better metaphor of a scaffolding tree; where stability of the tree is based on turning points of the scaffold and not where the tree was planted. She defined niche construction, which means that we are creators of our own development and evolution. This could be regarded as a turning point or a scaffolding for development and learning in our life.
In my opinion, I agree with the three quotes that said that we need to pay a price to obtain equality. If the IQ curves of males and females are similar, I don’t see why we cannot achieve equality. I agree with the concept of niche construction I think we are responsible for the mythologies that we have about gender such as dressing girls in pink or boys don’t cry. Finally, this lecture made me think that the world is so busy caring about women’s rights and equality that we forgot how to equipped men to adapt to the women of today that is why equality has not been fully accepted, because men don’t want to give up some traditions from the past such as feeling inferior or stop being the main provider. I think that everyone no matter race, gender or appearance have the potential to do whatever they set their mind to do, no matter genetics or standards, I believe the mind is very powerful and just like in the movie Gattaca where Vincent the main character was not genetically fit he was able to achieved his dream based on his desire and the power of his mind.

The green revolution : A summarized version

take a look at what green revolution is : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HucSCNQ01X4

Health or Food for all? That is the question.

Dr Terry Sicular from the department of economics at the University of Western Ontario was the fourth speaker at the Biology 4243G lecture series.  Dr. Sicular’s topic was Green Revolution (GR), which is the plan to change agriculture technology. In order to increase or multiply harvest all around the world with the aim to cure world hunger in low developed countries (LDCs).  Dr. Sicular gave us a look at GR history, its creator, some of the outcomes of GR and the lessons learn from the development of GR.

Briefly, she talked about Norman Borlaug an agronomist and the father of The GR. She showed us all the efforts he made to fight world hunger, through the use of science.  Borlaug was so effective that his efforts won him a Nobel Peace Prize which was the first one being science related. After going through the GR history, Dr Sicular went through the consequences that GR has brought to the world in the economical and scientific sense. Some of the things that she talk about was the consequence of irrigation dependency causing salination of solid  and the farmers having to spend money on new technologies replacing some of its workers for machines. At the end, Dr Sicular said that we shouldn’t analyze GR as a matter of right or wrong but, instead how can we make this better for all.

Something Intriguing from this lecture for me, was that Green Revolution has been around for 71 years and this is the first time I heard of it. Something new or transcending that I learn about GR is high yield varieties in maize, wheat and rice. This is transcending for me, because these products were genetically modified to dwarf versions so that they could grow in more types of soils and absorb more nitrogen. Something that I find controversial is the health related issues that the new technologies and methods might bring to humans when they consume these types of foods, and the risks that farm workers are exposed. The amounts of pesticides are harmful and they have more chances of getting cancer. So the controversy  is  that in one hand the modification of  farming methods to produce more food helps the hungry , but is it worth it  if these methods affect our health?. Another controversy is the loss of jobs and debts that some farmers have to face. The new methods to multiple crops require some equipment, which costs money and replaces human workers. So most farmers have to ask for loans in order to buy this equipment and some are on debt. Plus, farm workers are being replaced by machines. So, if people don’t have jobs how are they going to afford to buy the food they need without a proper job.

No everything is negative about GR.  In my opinion is a great idea, because it helps the production of crops in a world that is becoming more and more urbanized and the fact that we have methods to multiply the crops give us a peace of mind.  Also the multiplication of these crops helps feed a lot of children in many parts of the world that are not getting lots of food.  I agree with Dr. Sicular that instead of inventing something new, we should use what we have now and try to improve it.  We have a lot of ground to improve on. For example the health and pesticide problems and developing new methods of multiplication like in the deserts. If something new is created it would add more problems to the ones we already have.

Earth: Climate wars

This videos explain the controversial topic of global warning:

Found! Genes responsible for hair loss!

 by : Karen Peralta

In the article: “Professor has discovered the genetic basis for hair loss” by John H. Tucker, Tucker talks about Angela Christiano a professor from the University of Columbia in New York city working at the dermatology and genetics development department.  In 1996 Christiano was diagnosed with a disease called Alopecia Areata (AA). AA is a condition where hair falls out in patches. This condition affects 2% of the population about 5.3 million people in the U.S and the second most popular form of hair loss after male-pattern baldness. Chistiano decided to study hair loss due to her experience and minimal information there was about the genes that cause hair loss. Earlier this year she conducted a research study, where her team discovered that immune genes in AA are similar to some common diseases like celiac disease, diabetes type 1 and rheumatoid arthritis. This finding has given hope that drugs used to cure these diseases could be used for AA; in particular rheumatoid arthritis’ drugs.

AA works differently than male-pattern baldness because it has an unknown onset; patients loose hair not only from the head but other parts like their legs, eyebrows or eyelashes. AA is an autoimmune response disorder; this means that the immune system of the body has turned against the body, attacking organs in good condition. In this case the organ that is being attacked is hair throughout the body. Christiano’s team of researchers found a gene called ULBP3 through a genome wide association study (GWAS); a method that studies many SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) to locate genes that causes a disease. The gene ULBP3 is turned off in normal hair follicles, but in AA ULBP3 is turned on. This is a bad sign because ULBP3 acts as a signaling light to immune killer cells. Immune killer cells carry a receptor called NKG2D which triggers an autoimmune response causing hair follicles to fall off. Even though Christiano’s team has started to find solutions, some of these are: blocking the NKG2D receptor using antibody drugs or using soluble receptors to block ULBP3 from being turned on. Besides AA, Christiano studies hypertrichosis (abnormal hair growth). According to Christiano, hair loss is one of many emotionally devastating diseases according to its quality of life index score. Recently she spoke at the AA foundation conference in Indianapolis; where she shared her experience and research. She also declared that these findings will open doors to find a solution for AA. More details can be found in her research paper published in Nature’s July 1^st /10 issue.

 This is a great article; it gives information about a disease that is not widely known and in need of funding. Christiano’s team not just informed us about AA, but showed us what they are doing to target it; by presenting the location, mechanism and solutions which many articles sometimes lack. This is a breakthrough in science; because this novel gene (ULBP3) not only opens doors to combat hair loss, but also to develop drugs or creams that induce hair loss for beauty purposes or people with hypertrichosis (excess hair). The fact that AA not only occurs in the head but other parts of the body would make women be first in line willing to pay for these types of treatments. Maybe knowing about both AA and hypertrichosis can complement each other in treatment by analyzing these diseases and tinkering with them until a solution is found. This article was interesting as it made me aware of something new. Plus, I like how it combines genetics with immunology which are two subjects I am currently studying.

 

Figure 1.  Alopecia Areata (AA) patient. Source: Hair Center 2010.

Figure 2. Many women struggle with hair removal products AA genes could help develop products to remove hair permanently. Source: The Fashionable house wife 2010.

Figure 3 Hypertrichosis or Werewolf syndrome is the abnormal excess of hair growth disease, Studying AA could help people that suffer Hypertrichosis by perhaps activating genes responsible fo AA and vice versa. Source: www.xenophilius.wordpress.com 2010.

The news article:

http://news.columbia.edu/record/2191

Primary Research Paper:

Petukhova L, Duvicm M, Hordinsky M, Norris D, Price V, Shimomura Y, Kim H, Singh P, Lee A, Chen WV, Meyer KC, Paus R, Jajoda CAB, Amos CI, Gregersen PK , Christiano AM. 2010. Genome-wide association study in alopecia areata implicates both innate and adaptive immunity. Nature 466:113-118.

PMID: 20596022